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Apparatus for combining drilling operation and cone penetration testing and/or ground sampling for investigation of soil conditions, the apparatus comprising: -a drilling BHA (1a), -a cone penetrometer (1b) inside the drilling BHA (1a), -a wireless communication device inside the drilling BHA (1a), Characterised by; - an annulus (1c) between the drilling BHA (1a) and the cone penetrometer (1b) allowing drilling fluid to pass through, -the cone penetrometer (1b) is locked inside the drilling BHA (1a) during drilling operation and drill-pipe rotation, -the cone penetrometer (1b) can be controlled wireless: -the cone penetrometer (1b) includes a device for data storage.
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Description, claims and drawings
Disclaimer: This text has been machine-scanned and may contain errors – please refer to "Publications" for legally binding content.Description
Apparatus for combined drilling and CPT testingSummary of the inventionThe present invention relates to an apparatus for geotechnical investigation where the Cone Penetration Testing (CPT) sensor is part of the drill-pipe bottom hole assembly. The apparatus may be particularly suitable for use in a cone penetration test for determining in situ marine soil conditions.Description of prior artCone penetration testing (CPT) is a widely utilized method of determining geotechnical properties of soils. Cone penetration testing can be used to investigate a range of soil types in different locations. For instance, cone penetration testing is suitable for performing landbased testing of ground soils and underwater testing of seabed soils. However, given the different conditions encountered in land-based and underwater testing, different cone penetration testing apparatus will typically be used.In any event, the test method generally involves pushing a cone penetrometer, which is an instrumented assembly including a cone shaped tip of a defined cross-sectional area, into the ground tip-first at a controlled penetration rate. The cone penetrometer is conventionally driven into the ground using a rigid rod with a fixed length.The instrument provided in the cone penetrometer typically includes a variety of sensors for measuring parameters such as penetration depth, penetration pressure, resistance, friction, inclinometer and accelerations. The sensor measurements are taken electronically and provided to a suitable processing system for further processing. The recorded data is used for subsequent engineering analysis and interpretations of soil type assessment and strength determinations. New offshore windfarms and oil and gas installation are often planned in geotechnical challenging sites and as a result, improved techniques for geotechnical soil investigations is required to determine the bearing capacity of the building sites.Performing cone penetration testing underwater introduces significant challenges compared to on land. For instant it is complicated to add rod sections for underwater cone testing apparatus and tends to limit the maximum push depth for underwater cone penetration testing apparatus.
For offshore application and building lands where underground conditions are unstable there are need for geotechnical investigations beyond the limitations of traditional cone penetration tests. Various equipment has been developed for this application the last 40 years.The most commonly used method is a combination of drilling techniques and traditional cone penetration tests. These tests are referred to as in-situ tests or down-the-hole penetration test and are executed from inside a drill string or similar. The traditional cone penetration test tool is deployed inside a drill string by a wire or combination of hydraulic umbilical and wire and locks itself to the shoe of the drill string. The test probe provided on a piston rod is extruded from the from the pushing device and penetrates the ground at the lower end of the drill pipe. Depending on the type of probe, measurements are performed, or a sample is taken. After having completed the test, the device is hoisted back to the surface and the hole will be advanced using classic drilling techniques up to the testing depth that was reached with the pushing device. Then the whole cycle is repeated until the ultimate testing depth is reached. Depths can be reached of tens to hundreds of meters or more.Another method for performing CPT penetration tests is by performing seabed CPT tests where the apparatus is set out on the seabed and pushes the cone as far as possible down into the soil, the rod used for pushing the cone into the soil is either stored on a reel subsea, installed as a straight rod through the pushing device or using a system for adding rods subsea, for soft soil conditions penetration depth of up to 50 meters have been achieved by these methods.The in-situ soil investigations can be performed with various type of sensors, most common is the CPT cone, suited for allsoils, but in some cases a ball penetrometer or T-bar for static or cyclic testing of and vane shear test for very accurate data measurements of soft soils. Today’s systems generally provide hydraulic force to activate a penetration mechanism, on deep-water locations. This limits the accuracy of the tests performed due to the relatively large distance from the pressure controlling device to the penetrator device.
Summary of the Present InventionIn a first broad form the present invention seeks to provide an apparatus to combining the drilling BHA and the CPT penetrometer to obtain increased efficiency during the in-situ investigations. Today’s CPT drilling systems requires that after one penetration the apparatus requires to be pulled back to surface before for re-setting and to enable the geotechnical vessel to drill a few meters before next CPT test is performed. This invention can stay inside the drill-pipe during drilling and be ready for next penetration test or cyclic test without necessity for pulling the tool back to the surface or deploying wireline cable inside the drill string before the next test. The apparatus has internal energy storage, wireless communication and wireless operational systems.It is desired to have real-time measurements when performing cone penetration testing, when performing wireless data transfer there will be some delays and limited data transfer to surface, this is compensated by storing all data in a memory subsea and only transferring portions of data to surface in real-time. This and by using a electrically controlled CPT apparatus driven by local energy storage in the CPT test tool, as an example by utilizing rechargeable battery system. This electrical system provides a superior accuracy compared to existing hydraulic systems currently used today. As a result of the invention more accurate tests, more efficient operation and more reliable calculations can be performed to design required foundations of buildings, constructions, offshore windfarms and deep-water sites. Typically, the predetermined rate of penetration is about 20 mm/s and the drive is drive is configured to cause the cone penetrometer to be pushed through a maximum push force of 100KN. The cone penetrometer can be cycled at a various rate of penetration/retraction. At present there are a number of systems available on the market that can perform penetration tests from within a string of drill pipes. These systems are driven either hydraulically by pumping mud inside the drill string or pumping fluid inside a hydraulic umbilical to activate the penetration mechanism. Normally the necessary hydraulic energy is provided by hydraulic power-pack or generator at the ground surface. At greater testing depths, typically depths of more than 1000 meters the hydraulic loss in the umbilical is large and the length of such hydraulic umbilical creates time delays between the surface and subsea such that the accuracy of the test is becomes unacceptable.Present systems have another disadvantage which gives an ineffective operation and an increased personnel exposure to working inside the “red zone” of a derrick. As an example the existing systems need to be pulled to surface to be reset for the next operation, this involve manual handling of the penetration device on deck inside the derrick and manually work to push the instrumented probe and rod back into the tool.the above issues lead to reduction in efficiency, accuracy and gives an increased requirement for manual handling of today’s penetration systems enormously, also
contributing negatively to the costs for soil investigation. The invention has for its object to remedy or reduce at least three of the drawbacks of the prior art.The object is achieved in accordance with the invention through the features which are specified in the description below and in the claims, that follow.Identification of objects of the inventionA primary objective of this invention is to provide an effective and reliable testing of soil conditions in both shallow and deep-water areas and especially for offshore wind farms. Another primary object for this invention is to use internal data storage and wireless data transfer between the apparatus and surface to increase the efficiency.Another primary objective of the invention is to combine the drilling BHA and Cone Penetration apparatus into one unit and eliminated the need for pulling the apparatus back to surface when drilling.Another primary objective of the invention is to provide an effective cyclic downhole test probe/device,Another primary objective is enable post-test probe extraction at a controlled speed in shallow gas situations to avoid swabbing and potential dangerous release of gases.Another primary objective is to enable continuous penetration tests of up to 10m to be carried out.Another objective of the invention is to provide a seamless transition between drilling operation and penetration testing that will reduce the number of deployment and recovery operations and save time - particularly in deep water.Another objective of the invention is to provide a fully electrical system without use of hydraulic systems to increase the accuracy of the testing and to minimize the CO2 footprint of the system.Another object of the invention is to reduce the need for manual handling inside what is defined as red zone in the derrick to minimize personnel exposure in such area.Another object of the invention is to reduce the required number of crew required for such operation by making the operation more autonomous.Another object is to enable simple de-latching of the tool and recovery to allow deployment and replacement by an electrically driven sampling toolUS4572304 discloses a portable seabed penetration system for conducting cone penetrometer tests or the like from a support disposed above the water over the portion of the seabed to be penetrated. The system includes a casing string connected at its upper end to the support and at its lower end to a suction anchor. A string of push rods encased within the casing string is provided at its lower end with a penetrometer cone. With the suction anchor evacuated, the lower end of the casing is securely anchored to the seabed. Upward tension is then applied to the casing while downward force is applied to the rod string to drive the penetrometer cone into the seabed. The rod string is supported against buckling by the tensioned casing string. Although this system can overcome some of the difficulties of providing cone penetration testing apparatus underwater, significant lengths of the casing string and the rod string will be required for use in deep water to even reach the seabed.KR100721853B1 discloses an articulated rod which can be stored without separation or disassembly, whereby the articulated rod sections can be fed through a rod guide apparatus in which they are fastened together to form a rigid length of rod suitable for driving a cone penetration testing cone into the ground. The rod sections are fastened together using threaded connections, but this introduces the potential for cone penetration testing operations to fail in the event that any one of the rod sections cannot be successfully fastened due to cross-threading or other obstructions of the threaded connection.Furthermore, the threaded connections necessitate a complex guide apparatus.US5777242 discloses a ground penetrating device, especially a CPT device, for use within a bore hole. This device comprises a piston carrying a rod with a sharpened tip, to be driven into the ground below the lower end of a drill pipe. The piston is mounted inside a cylinder, open towards the lower end, sealing against an inner wall of the cylinder, whereas the lower end of the cylinder rests on and seals against a shoulder within said lower end of the drill pipe. The opposite upper end of the cylinder is closed, such that a chamber is provided above the piston. An upper end of the drill pipe, above the ground, is sealed too, such that the inner volume of the drill pipe can be pressurized by feeding gas under pressure into said drill pipe. In the upper side of the cylinder a passage is provided, with a control device, operable from above ground, for allowing pressurized gas to flow into the chamber, thus pushing the piston down within the housing. This forces the tip of the rod out of the housing and into the ground statically. The drill pipe is held in position axially within the bore hole by its own weight and possibly be friction between the wall of the bore hole and part of the drill pipe.NL7108761 discloses a ground penetrating device, comprising a housing to which a cylinder is attached. A locking means is provided in the form of a vacuum chamber, for holding the housing on top of a ground area into which a rod with a sharpened tip is to be driven. The rod is mounted to a piston, which is provided inside a hollow piston rod which in itself has a
piston head mounted within the cylinder, such that the device is telescopic and can be driven by a pressure medium fed into the cylinder and the hollow piston rod via a feed opening in the top end of the cylinder.US2003/0024713 discloses a ground penetrating device for penetration testing, wherein a hammer is provided for hammering an end of a rod into the ground to be tested EP2385175A2 discloses a Cone Penetration Testing Pushing Device and System deployed by a wire inside a drill pipe. The device comprises a locking device for use inside a borehole, a penetration member arranged to move relatively to the housing of the device, a force transmission element and a conversion mechanism to convert the force in the penetration direction. The system can function work without external supply of electric or hydraulic power to penetrate the test probe into the soil.US2014/0251715A1 Discloses an instrument Probe for in-situ measurement and testing of seabed. The apparatus includes a depth penetration device, and an underwater floor testing tool. The probe assembly includes a first coupling for operatively connecting the probe to the depth penetration device and a second coupling for operatively connecting the probe assembly to the underwater floor testing tool. The probe assembly further includes a signal processing module for processing information from the tool, a data transmission module for the transmission of data from the signal processing module, a power source for operating the data transmission module and the signal processing module and a switch module for selectively connecting from the power source to the data transmission module and signal processing module.Brief description of the drawingsCharacteristics and advantages of the present disclosure and additional features and benefits will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art upon consideration of the following detailed description of exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure and referring to the accompanying figures. The description herein and appended drawings, being of example embodiments, are not intended to limit the claims of this patent application, any patent granted hereon or any patent or patent application claiming priority hereto. On the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the claims. Many changes may be made to the particular embodiments and details disclosed herein without departing from such spirit and scope. The objects, advantages, and features of the invention will become more apparent by reference to the drawings which are appended hereto and wherein like numerals indicate like parts and wherein an illustrative embodiment of the invention is shown, of which:FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of an example of an in-situ CPT test from a geotechnical drilling vessel according to the disclosure;
FIG’s. 2a,b,c,d,e is a schematic illustration of an example of a geotechnical drilling vessel performing CPT penetration test through the drill-pipe according to one embodiment of the disclosure;FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of an example of an acoustic operated seabed frame;FIG.4 is a schematic illustration of an example of a umbilical winch for CPT tool recovery from the drilling bottom hole assembly (BHA);FIG’s.5 a,b,c,d is a schematic illustration of an example of the combined geotechnical drilling BHA and cone penetrometer;The figures are schematic and may somewhat be distorted with respect to relative size and relative placement of components constituting parts of the exemplary embodiments of the invention. In general, identical or corresponding details of figures will be denoted with the same or similar reference numerical in the following.Exemplary embodiment of the invention FIG. 1, Figs. 5a, 5b, 5c and Fig. 5d shows an example layout of a geotechnical drilling vessel and the embodiment of the invention fig. 5a illustrating a drilling a combined BHA (1a) with drill bit (11) and cone penetrometer (1b) also commonly referred to as cone penetration and cycling test tool.Fig. 1 illustrated the preferred embodiment of the in-situ CPT investigation from a geotechnical drilling vessel (6). An example of main elements are as follows, geotechnical drilling vessel (6) with drilling rig (3) including drilling setup such as drilling tower hoisting system, top drive (19), roughneck, drill floor with slips bowl and slips (29), equipment-wise the vessel may have various set-ups depending on type of operation. In this embodiment example the geotechnical drilling vessel is equipped with; geotechnical drill-pipe (2) including the combined drilling and cone penetration BHA (1a) and drill-bit (11), an umbilical winch (4) including umbilical (5) and diverter sheave (12) for recovery and charging of the cone penetrometer (1b), an acoustic operated seabed frame (8), a surface acoustic modem (7) for communicating with the acoustic seabed frame (8) modem (9) and cone penetrometer modem (10).Fig 2a illustrates an example of a mud line cone penetration test at a test site, whereas the penetration of CPT sensor (18) is shown extended from the drilling BHA. By wireless communication through an variety of acoustic modems (7)(9)(10) the commands is sent from vessel to the cone penetrometer to start the penetration of the CPT sensor (18), the penetration will continue until the maximum penetration depth is reach. CPT sensor (18) will then be retracted to the BHA (1a) preparing for the drilling operation. As another embodiment the CPT sensor can be cycled at various speeds if decided by the operator. Fig 2b illustrates an example of drilling with the geotechnical vessel (6) by rotation of the drill-pipe (2) with top-drive (19) and pumping fluid through the drill-pipe (2) to remove the
cuttings from drilling penetration. The cone penetrometer is parked inside the BHA (1a) during the drilling operation and the pumped mud passes around the cone penetrometer (1b) in the annulus (1c) between the cone penetrometer (1b) and drilling BHA (1a). The embodiment allows for continuously drilling and performing drill-pipe make and break cycles before the next penetration test.Fig 2c illustrates the new target depth for start of penetration testing, the example sequence described in Fig 2a will be repeated before the next drilling operation. The embodiment in this invention given by the examples above an idea of the efficiency and cost saving compared to systems where the cone penetration apparatus would have to be retracted to surface between each drilling operation.Fig 2d illustrates an example of charging or recovery of the cone penetration apparatus (1b) from the combined BHA (1a). The umbilical cable head (13) is deployed inside the drill-pipe (2) by the active heave compensated umbilical winch (4) and connects to the top section of the cone penetrometer apparatus (1b) by the umbilical cable head connector (13). Operator will now have possibilities to wire communication with the cone penetrometer (1b) for charging of batteries, download of data, fault findings or recovery of the cone penetrometer (1b) back to vessel as illustrated in example Fig. 2e.Another preferred embodiment of the invention is illustrated in FIG.3, the seabed frame (8) is used for stabilizing the drill-pipe (2) during penetration testing. Seabed frame is operated wirelessly through a set of modems (9) and (7). When stabilizing the drill pipe the clamping mechanism (16) is activated locking the drill pipe (2) to the seabed frame (8). Seabed frame includes local energy storage (19) and control system (15). The local energy storage (19) is by batteries that allows for a great number of lock and unlock sequences before recharging is required. The control system (15) includes local computer for processing of data and controlling the data transfer to surface. Control system includes functionality to communicate and process data transfer from the CPT penetrometer (1b) as well as operation and monitoring of the seabed frame (8).Fig. 4 illustrates an example of umbilical winch (4) for deployment, retrieval or re-charging of CPT penetrometer (1b). The main elements of the device are a fiber optic umbilical (5), diverter sheave (12) for use in the drilling tower (3) and a cable head (13). Cable head (13) has functionality and capacity to connect to the cone penetrometer (1b) mechanically, electrically and by communication channel through the fiber optic umbilical (5).FIG’s 5a, 5b, 5c and 5d illustrates the preferred embodiment of the combined BHA that enables both drilling and cone penetration and cycling testing in one seamless operation. The main elements of the combined BHA device are the drilling BHA (1a) and the cone penetrometer (1b), further detailed elements included in the illustrated examples is the CPT sensor (18) also referred to as CPT cone. The CPT sensor (18)is jointly connected to a rod
(17) that is part of an electric linear actuator (21) with main components typically would be an inverted ball screw that moves the rod (17) in and out of the cone penetrator apparatus by a plurality of balls and threads, this again is connected to an electric motor (22) with gearbox. The cone penetrometer (1b) has integrated control module (27) and battery system (23) for operation of the electric motor (22), controlling the speed, torque and a variety of other parameters including data storage. Activation of the cone penetrometer (1b) apparatus is through wireless communication. The cone penetrometer (1b) apparatus has possibility to be locked onto the umbilical cable head (13) when mating the receptacle (10) with the umbilical cable head (13). Integrated in cable head (13) and receptacle (13) is power and communication connectors enabling power and data transfer between the cone penetrometer (1b) and surface control system through the fiber optic umbilical (5).Fig’s. 5a, 5b and 5d illustrates the preferred embodiment which allows the cone penetrometer (1b) to be permanently present in the drilling BHA (1a) during drilling operation. Firstly, the cone penetrometer (1b) and drilling BHA (1a) is interconnected by a set of centralizers (24) and locking mechanism (20a) and (20b), secondly the drilling BHA and cone penetrometer having an annulus (1c) allowing drilling fluid (28) to pass through during drilling and thereby removing the cuttings on outside of the drill pipe.The illustrated embodiment in Fig. 1 to Fig.5 is to be used for underwater operation where the ambient pressure on outside is higher than inside the embodiment. As a result, parts of the embodiment will be filled with oil with sealings separating the different compartments and surroundings. An ambient pressure compensation system may be used to compensate the ambient pressure inside some of the compartments in (1b).Referring now back to Fig. 5c, as the electric motor (22) is generating heat the electric motor (22) (), is oil filled to disperse the heat from the motor compartment to the surroundings and reduce the energy losses in the system. Sealing mechanism is in place between the controller module (27) and battery module (23) and the dual seal compartment (26) for the penetration rod arrangement (17) to prevent leakage. For oil filling purpose, and to remove air inside the oil filled compartment mechanical plugs are available for connection of vacuum pump and filling canister.Still referring to Fig.5c, the embodiments control modules (27) are in an air-filled compartment, sealed off from the ambient pressure from the outside and the oil filled compartment in the embodiment.Still referring to Fig.5a and Fig. 5c and the penetrating system for moving the CPT sensor (18) that also can be referred to as push/pull or cycling movement. In this embodiment, if desired the operator can use constant speed for the cycling movement, however the nature of the design for this embodiment where an electric motor (22) is used for moving the rod (17) in both push/pull direction the motor speed can be controlled and thereby the speed of
push/pull movement is adjustable. The speed of the electromotor is monitored by a highresolution incremental encoder and controlled by the operator on surface through a control system.Still referring to Fig.5a and Fig.5c, and the force of the push/pull movement, in this embodiment the force used to move the rod is monitored and controlled by the electromotor (10) and motor controller by monitoring controlling the power consumption (ampere).
Claims
The invention claimed is:1. Apparatus for combining drilling operation and cone penetration testing and/or ground sampling for investigation of soil conditions, the apparatus comprising:- A drilling BHA (1a)- A cone penetrometer (1b) inside the drilling BHA (1a)- A wireless communication device inside the drilling BHA (1a)Characterised by;- An annulus (1c) between the drilling BHA (1a) and the cone penetrometer (1b)allowing drilling fluid to pass through- The cone penetrometer (1b) is locked inside the drilling BHA (1a) during drilling operation and drill-pipe rotation- The cone penetrometer (1b) can be controlled wireless- The cone penetrometer (1b) includes a device for data storage2. Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein an umbilical (5) can be deployed inside drill-pipe and connect to the cone penetrometer (1b) through a umbilical termination head (13) to recover the cone penetrometer to surface.3. Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein an umbilical can be deployed inside the drill-pipe to connect to the cone penetrometer (1b) by an umbilical termination head (13) to re-charge or upload/download data to the cone penetrometer.4. Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the cone penetrometer (1b) is oil filled and protected towards ambient pressure from the surroundings.5. Apparatus according to any of claims 1 to 4, wherein the cone penetrometer includes an inverted ball screw linear actuator for moving the CPT sensor (18) in and out of the BHA (1a).6. Apparatus according to any of claims 1 to 5 wherein the CPT sensor (18) can be replaced with a ball, T-bar or in situ vane device7. Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein one compartment inside the cone penetrometer (1b) is kept in atmospheric conditions8. Apparatus according to any of claims 1-7, further comprising a mechanical device (26) for preventing the rod/shaft (17) from rotating when being pushed/pulled in and out of the cone penetrometer (1b)9. Apparatus according to any of claims 1 to 8 that can be deployed inside a drill pipe/drill string or drill collar10. Apparatus according to any of the claims 1-9 wherein it is possible to enable the CPT sensor (18), post-test, to be extracted at a controlled speed in shallow gas situations to avoid swabbingKrav1. Apparat for kombinering av bore operasjon og «cone penetration testing» og/eller prøvetaking av grunnforhold/bunnforhold der nedihullsutstyret består av følgende:- Et bore hode (1a)- Et cone penetration test apparat (1b) innvending i bore hode (1a)- Et trådløst communikasjons apparat (27) innvendig i bore hode (1a)Karakterisert ved;- Et ringrom (28) mellom bore hode (1a) og cone penetration test apparat (1b) der borevæsken kan passere- Låseanordning for å låse cone penetration test apparat (1b) fast i bore hode (1a) under boreoperasjon og ved rotering av borestreng- Et cone penetration test apparat (1b) som kan opereres trådløs- Et cone penetration test apparat (1b) som har innebygd data lagrings enhet2. Apparat i henhold til krav 1 karakterisert ved at en navlestreng (umbilical) kan senkes ned gjennom borestrengen og koble seg til cone penetration test apparat (1b) via et termineringshode (13) for å hente ut cone penetration test apparat (1b) til overflaten3. Apparat i henhold til krav 1karakterisert ved at en navlestreng (umbilical) kan senkes ned gjennom borestrengen og koble seg til cone penetration test apparat (1b) via et termineringshode (13) for å lade eller laste opp/hente ut data fra cone penetration apparat (1b)4. Apparat i henhold til krav 1karakterisert ved at cone penetration apparat (1b) er oljefyllt og beskyttet mot utvendig omgivelses trykk.5. Apparat i henhold til alle krav 1, til 4 karakterisert ved cone penetration test apparat (1b) inkluderer en invertert kuleskrue linæraktuator for å bevege en CPT sensor (18) inn og ut av bore hode (1a)6. Apparat i henhold til alle krav 1, til 5 karakterisert ved at CPT sensor (18) kan byttes ut med kule, T-bar eller vane verktøy7. Apparat i henhold til alle krav 1 til 6 karakterisert ved at elektronikk kortet (27) ligger innvendig i et atmosfærisk kammer8. Apparat parat i henhold til alle krav 1 til 7 karakterisert ved at penetrerings aksling (17) er ved hjelp av en mekanisk mekanisme (26) forhindret fra å rotere når den skyves inn/ut av cone penetration test apparat t (1b)9. Apparat i henhold til alle krav 1 til 8 karakterisert ved at cone penetration test apparat (1b) kan kjøres innvendig i en borestreng/drill collar10. Apparat i henhold til alle krav 1 til 9 karakterisert ved at CPT sensor (18) koblet til penetrerings aksling (17) kan etter endt penetrering trekkes kontrollert tilbake bore hode (1a) ved en grunn gass situasjon for å unngå «swabbing».
Drawings
Priority
No priority
Patent classes
IPC classesE02D 1/02CPC classesE02D 1/022
Citations
EP 2385175 A2 (A2)GB 1271220 A (A )GB 2349660 A (A)WO 2017011731 A1 (A1)